Types of Meat Consumed in the Middle Ages

The average medieval cook or housewife had access to a variety of meat from both wild and domesticated animals. Cooks in the households of the nobility had a fairly impressive selection available to them. Here are some, but by no means all, of the meat medieval people would consume. Beef and Veal By far the most common meat, beef was regarded as coarse and was never considered exclusive enough for the nobility; but it was very popular among the lower classes. Though more tender, veal never surpassed beef in popularity. Many peasant households had cows, usually only one or two, that would be slaughtered for meat once their days of giving milk had passed. This would usually take place in the fall so that the creature would not have to be fed through the winter, and whatever was not consumed at a feast would be preserved for use throughout the months ahead. Most of the animal was used for food, and those parts that werent eaten had other purposes; the hide was made into leather, the horns (if any) might be used for drinking vessels, and the bones were occasionally used to make sewing implements, fasteners, parts of tools, weapons, or musical instruments, and a variety of other useful items. In larger towns and cities, a substantial portion of the population had no kitchens of their own, and so it was necessary for them to purchase their meals ready-made from street vendors: a kind of medieval fast food. Beef would be used in the meat pies and other food items these vendors cooked if their customers were numerous enough to consume the product of a slaughtered cow in a matter of days. Goat and Kid Goats had been domesticated for thousands of years, but they were not particularly popular in most parts of medieval Europe. The meat of both adult goats and kids was consumed, however, and the females gave milk that was used for cheese. Mutton and Lamb Meat from a sheep that is at least a year old is known as mutton, which was very popular in the Middle Ages. In fact, mutton was sometimes the most expensive fresh meat available. It was preferable for a sheep to be from three to five years old before being slaughtered for its meat, and mutton that came from a castrated male sheep (a wether) was considered the finest quality. Adult sheep were most often slaughtered in the fall; the lamb was usually served in the spring. Roast leg of mutton was among the most popular foods for nobility and peasant alike. Like cows and pigs, sheep might be kept by peasant families, who could make use of the animals fleece regularly for homespun wool (or trade or sell it). Ewes gave milk that was frequently used for cheese. As with goat cheese, cheese made from sheeps milk could be eaten fresh or stored for quite some time. Pork, Ham, Bacon, and Suckling Pig Since ancient times, the meat of the pig had been very popular with everyone except Jews and Muslims, who regard the animal as unclean. In medieval Europe, pigs were everywhere. As omnivores, they could find food in the forest and city streets as well as on the farm. Where peasants could usually only afford to raise one or two cows, pigs were more numerous. Ham and bacon lasted a long time and went a long way in the humblest peasant household. As common and inexpensive as keeping pigs was, pork was favored by the most elite members of society, as well as by city vendors in pies and other ready-made foods. Like cows, nearly every part of the pig was used for food, right down to its hooves, which were used to make jellies. Its intestines were popular casings for sausages, and its head was sometimes served on a platter at festive occasions. Rabbit and Hare Rabbits have been domesticated for millennia, and they could be found in Italy and neighboring parts of Europe during Roman times. Domesticated rabbits were introduced to Britain as a food source after the Norman Conquest. Adult rabbits more than a year old are known as coneys and show up fairly frequently in surviving cookbooks, even though they were a rather expensive and unusual food item. Hare has never been domesticated, but it was hunted and eaten in medieval Europe. Its meat is darker and richer than that of rabbits, and it was frequently served in a heavily-peppered dish with a sauce made from its blood. Venison There were three types of deer common in medieval Europe: roe, fallow, and red. All three were a popular  quarry for aristocrats on the hunt, and the meat of all three was enjoyed by the nobility and their guests on many an occasion. The male deer (stag or hart) was considered superior for meat. Venison was a popular item at banquets, and in order to be sure of having the meat when it was wanted, deer were sometimes kept in enclosed tracts of land (deer parks). Since the hunting of deer (and other animals) in the forests was usually reserved for the nobility, it was highly unusual for the merchant, working, and peasant classes to partake of venison. Travelers and laborers who had reason to stay at or live in a castle or manor house might enjoy it as part of the bounty the lord and lady shared with their guests at mealtime. Sometimes cookshops were able to procure venison for their customers, but the product was much too expensive for all but the wealthiest merchants and nobility to purchase. Usually, the only way a peasant could taste venison was to poach it. Wild Boar The consumption of boar goes back thousands of years.  A wild  boar was highly prized in the Classical world, and in the Middle  Ages, it was a favored quarry of the hunt. Virtually all parts of the boar were eaten, including its liver, stomach and even its blood, and it was considered so tasty that it was the aim of some recipes to make the meat and innards of other animals taste like that of  boar. A boars head was often the crowning meal of a Christmas feast. A Note on Horse Meat The meat of horses has been consumed ever since the animal was first domesticated five thousand years ago, but in medieval Europe,  horse  was only eaten under the  direst  circumstances of famine or siege. Horse meat is prohibited in the diets of Jews, Muslims, and most Hindus, and is the only food ever to be forbidden by  Canon Law, which led to its being banned in most of Europe. Only in the 19th century was the restriction against horse meat lifted in any European countries. Horse meat does not appear in any surviving medieval cookbooks. Types of FowlTypes of Fish Sources and Suggested Reading by Melitta Weiss Adamson edited by Martha Carlin and Joel T. Rosenthal edited  by C.M. Woolgar, D.  Serjeantson  and T. Waldron edited by E.E. Rich and C.H. Wilson by Melitta Weiss Adamson

11 Genius Productivity Tips to Conquer Your To-Do List

Photos, Photography, and Images - An Image is Worth a...

An Image is Worth a Million Words A picture represents a moment in history that cannot be authentically recreated. To catch an action, an image, or an emotion by film is truly a special gift and one which most people take for granted. For an image to capture a moment that simultaneously speaks for one person, a nation, and a cause is really â€Å"worth a thousand words† as Neil Postman puts it (515), even a million. It is irreplaceable by anything other than understanding, appreciation, and wonder. Three memorable photographs that embody these assets are those of five members of the British Royal Family walking behind Princess Diana’s coffin, Neil Armstrong’s first steps on the moon, and American soldiers raising the flag atop a†¦show more content†¦Yet perhaps the most moving expressions were on the faces of Princess Diana’s sons, Prince William and Prince Harry, whose beloved mother was suddenly taken from them a few short days before. It is clear that the shock seemed almost unbearable to these young boys who were now lost because the center of their world, their mother, was dead. People around the world were able to share the pain and sadness of the members of Princess Diana’s family through their expressions, unequivocally portrayed by that one photograph. Furthermore, in his article â€Å"‘By Means of the Visible’: A Picture’s Worth,† Mitchell Stephens explains what makes pictures so powerful in conveying emotion by stating, â€Å"[. . . ] words [ . . .] must work hard to tell us what a glance could about the expression on that face† (481). In addition to showing the feelings of the British Royal Family, this photograph is a symbol that shows the world that, while Princess Diana is dead physically, she will forever be alive in the memories of her people. Her impact on society will never be forgotten and neither will the courage and strength in the faces of those men that touched the hearts of so many peop le. A second memorable picture is that of Neil Armstrong’s first steps on the moon in July 1969, which is remembered as a celebrated image that represents the power, not only of America but of the whole human race, to conquer space. Surely mostShow MoreRelatedA Picture Is Worth A Thousand Words1205 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"A picture is worth a thousand words† is a phrase that is heard by many throughout the world. There are millions of moments throughout a person’s life that can be captured by photography. When one sees that picture, they are instantly taken back to that moment in time. Even if they were not part of the event, there are many thoughts that could go through a persons head while looking at a picture, hence the phrase a picture is worth a thousand words. 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One image, if executed maliciously, can create such an intense pernicious effect on the individual photographed, that it can cause undue effects on their reputation, or even psychological state. Celebrities often find themselves victimized by the paparazzi in this way, and breakdowns due to a negative appearance in the spotlight have become prevalent in modern dayRead MoreThe Problem Of Advertisement, Celebrity Imaging, And Through Many Other Facets Of One s Daily Life1261 Words   |  6 Pagesmany other facets of one’s daily life. The enhancement of images supplies a altered sense of perfection and what ideal beauty truly looks like. â€Å"A technique which is the mainstay of advertisement companies, of personal p hoto-editing, and of image manipulation in general bears the overtones of a mannerist praxis carried over from the sixteenth century to the twentieth-first.† Advertising is the primary use to modified images/photoshopped images and is the backbone to this silent epidemic. 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Iranian High School Differences Of The United States

Iranian high School Differences In the United States, Americans often talk about how important it is to have an education. Without having a high school diploma in the United States, adults would not be able to enter in the workforce easily, enroll in college and enlist in the Army. Adolescents in different locations of the world do not get to choose what they want to do in the future. Some countries have to earn their high school diplomas by passing numerous tests. There some countries in the world that have to take an examination before they enter into high school. If they enter in a good high school, it can also lead them to have a better life for themselves. Teenagers never understand what it would be like to live in a place that education that students had to study repeatedly during the holidays or vacations. Some Americans do not value how can you get an education for freedom and students are not being discriminated by their race, religion or gender. 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Pet Peeves Free Essays

George stone University 101 Ms. Finch November 6, 2012 â€Å"Individual grievances and pet peeves have got to go by the wayside. Generally, you don’t have to worry about the guys who are playing every day; it’s the guys who are sitting on the bench that are the ones that get needles in their pants. We will write a custom essay sample on Pet Peeves or any similar topic only for you Order Now †Ã¢â‚¬â€œWalt Alston. A pet peeve an opportunity for complaint that is seldom missed; coming into my first semester of college I was uncertain o what to expect from my professors and my classmates. I really didn’t know what kind of professor I’d prefer but I knew what type I didn’t want. I also didn’t want to be late to any classes, or have any missing assignments. One of my biggest pet peeves is teachers who disregard the fact that the student is also a human being and abuse their authority. My seventh grade teacher could have written a book on how to abuse authority and belittle her students. She said from my inability to walk on a line in the hallway to the cafeteria that it would assure my failure in later life. She told me my charisma would only take me so and that if I wanted to be any type o success in life I should drop out and learn a trade. But as we can see I didn’t fail and my future is looking quite bright. But she made me hate teachers like her and made it one of my pet peeves to not avoid teachers like her. I also had a pet peeve about being tardy to class. I had heard that being late to class would rub professors the wrong way, and I wanted to make sure that I developed a good relationship with them from the beginning. I was all ways taught to be sure to make a good first impression at the beginning of the year. For most teachers, once they see you as a bright, kind, polite student, they’ll always see you as a bright, kind, polite student. They’ll let things slide later. I gave the impression that I care about their subject, even if I hated it. I was reasonably attentive, participate, and did the work. So I tried and was successful in my endeavor for about the first 5 weeks which in I hindsight I feel like made my professors see me as an avid student who wanted to learn. My last pet peeve for my first semester in college was not having any missing assignments. So when they assigned stuff I made sure to ask how to do assignments in detail. At first I annoyed them, but they couldn’t do anything about that. If they complained, I simply replied that I wanted to produce the best quality assignment possible. I was successful in having zero missed assignments this semester, which helped me a lot because I didn’t do as well as I wanted to in some classes on exams but because I had completed all my other assignments and turned them in on time I still kept a decent grade. The things were the main things I focused on coming into my freshman year in college. I made sure my pet peeves weren’t going to be a problem by checking them from the start of the school year. I learned a lot of ne things during this first semester that will benefit me in the future in being a great college student. I’m going to continue to focus in on my pet peeves and get the most out of my college experience as a student athlete. How to cite Pet Peeves, Essay examples Pet peeves Free Essays Pet peeves, everyone has them. Some people make their peeves known; others Just grit their teeth and keep their annoyance to themselves. My pet peeves Include my husband talking loudly In public on the phone, people using their phones In public, and the way people care for their kids. We will write a custom essay sample on Pet peeves or any similar topic only for you Order Now These are just a few of my pet peeves that I want to talk about. My husband is one of the worst about talking to loud on his phone in public. One day in particular comes to mind. We were going to walk into a restaurant, and his phone rang. He answered it and began to talk. I started to walk slower, hoping he would do the same. He did not even realize that he was almost yelling. As we were walking into the restaurant he continued to talk and people turn their heads to see who was talking so loudly. I was trying to get him to hurry up, but that was not happening. I could Just see other people around us looking at him wishing he would hang up his phone. He finally finished his call and hung up his phone. This does not happen often, but when It does I try to remind him that he has many pet peeves and his loud talking Is one of mine. It Is possibly my biggest pet peeve. Furthermore, phone etiquette in general is one of my pet peeves. Don’t get me wrong, cell phones are great; I just really wish that someone would write a book on the proper way to use a cell phone. If there ever was such a book the author would be a millionaire instantly. Cell phones exploded on to the scene so fast and furious that many people did not have time to think. It is understandable for people not to understand proper phone etiquette. The ability to talk wirelessly to anyone, and everyone from almost anywhere in the world has been around now for many years. People should know that there is a proper time and place to use a cell phone. I can understand If a call comes Into a person’s phone that Is an emergency. However It Is not an emergency If a friend has Just broke up with their boyfriend or girlfriend. If one Is In a walling room of a doctor’s office, or a public place people do not need to hear about y personal life problems. Be courteous to the ones around and, get up and walk outside to finish the call. I can promise that no one else wants to hear a one-sided conversation. Parents drive me crazy when they allow their children to scream and cry in a public place. I can understand some children have special needs and there is Just no way for a parent to soothe the child. The parent should still get up and take the screaming child outside or to the bathroom. My husband and I were at a restaurant the other day and there was a child crying and screaming at the top f his lungs. The mother just sat there and did nothing to try and soothe the child. We quickly finished our meal and left the restaurant. Parents should try and consider that not everyone cares to hear their child screaming and crying In public places. In conclusion I normally do not say a whole lot about the different things that get on my nerves. I am typically the kind of person that Just goes with the flow. The loud talking on the cell phone, the lack of phone etiquette, and children crying and How to cite Pet peeves, Papers

Education in a Cosmopolitan Society for Political Philosophy

Question: Discuss about theEducation in a Cosmopolitan Society for Political Philosophy. Answer: Cosmopolitanism in education has in the recent years been defined in the dimensions of a moral theory, political philosophy and cultural disposition(Rizvi, 2010). The new point of view is deep-rooted on the fact that the world is becoming more interdependent and connected (Rizvi, 2006). This will help to address most of our problems since most of them occur globally and thus require universal solutions. This paper seeks to critically examine and analyze a specific curriculum document to determine whether it meets the cosmopolitan principles of education. All discussions and conclusions will be drawn from Im an Australian Tooby Mem Fox. Im an Australian Toois a record of various stories of Australia and the origins of Australians, their parents, their grandparents and their relatives. It is perfect portrait of the value of multiculturalism and an exploration of the cultural assortment in the modern state. All the children speaking in the story identify themselves as Australians, Im an Australian too(Mem, 2017). They are all Australians regardless of whether their ancestors have lived in Australia for millions of years or themselves in Australia some decades ago or even some hours ago. The book recognizes and validates the knowledge of being aware of ones origins(The Mummy Project, 2017). However, no origin depicted to be superior to the others. Whether from Europe or Somalia, we are all equally Australians. Whether one travels to Australia fleeing from conflicts, drought, and famine, seeking adventure or finding a better life they all become Australians. Those who are yet to come to live in Australia but are dreaming about it are also welcome, We open doors for strangers.Where broken hearts are mend (Mem, 2017). Ideally, Fox Mem seeks to humanize the refugee and the immigrant treatment which has no place in the contemporary political migration debates(The Mummy Project, 2017). This is a great book which can help in mobilizing kids to grow into kind and hospitable adults. The encounter with this book at either the lower or mid-primary grade will perfect the children's view to people of different religions, cultures, and ancestry. I would strongly recommend the use of this book in schools as it recognizes the demands of the cosmopolitan education needs. The book is beautifully designed to address the contemporary ethical issues, social formations, and political realignments. We ought to be kind and considerate to other peoples' needs. Mem stresses the need to welcome people from the world's diverse cultures and allow them to be Australians just as we are. New social formations must be established in order to meet the principles of cosmopolitan education. As per the book, Australia is no longer divided by the boundaries of different social subscriptions and ideologies. The diversities rather serve as unifiers resulting to a rich multicultural heritage. The focus laid on the inclusiveness of Australia hurls a grand message of what it takes to be an Australian. Being in Australia is all you require to be Australian. The book, therefore, satisfies the principles of cosmopolitan education on the grounds of universal political cultural and moral dispositions globally. References Mem, F. (2017). I'm an Australian Too. Lindfield: Scholastic Australia . Rizvi, F. (2010, July 16). Towards cosmopolitan learning. Retrieved September 21, 2017, from Informa UK Limited : https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01596300903036863?src=recsysjournalCode=cdis20 The Mummy Project. (2017, March 19). Im Australian Too Book Review. Retrieved September 21, 2017, from The Mummy Project: https://themummyproject.com/im-australian-too/

PG Japan free essay sample

Slow, conformist and risk averse – stretch, innovation and speed Leadership Innovation Team implemented a global rollout of Dryel and Swiffer Impact – 18 months after entering the first test market they were on sales in US, Europe, Latin America and Asia Processes Performance-based component of compensation increased from traditional range of 20% to 80%. Extended the reach of stock options to virtually all employees Integrated business planning process where all budget elements of the operating plan could be reviewed and approved together Structure Primary profit responsibility shifted from PGs four regional organisation to seven GBUs that would now manage product development, manufacturing and marketing of their respective categories worldwide Charged with standardising manufacturing processes, simplifying brand portfolios and coordinating marketing activities Eliminate bureaucracy and increase accountability Committee responsibilities were transferred to individuals Activities such as accounting, human resources, payroll and much of IT were coordinated through a global business service unit Progression form Ethnocentric/Polycentric- Regiocentric – Geocentric SK-II – within PG this high-end product had little visibility outside Japan Because Japanese women had by far the highest use of beauty care products in the world, it was natural that the global beauty care category management started to regard Max Factor Japan as a potential source of innovation Working with RD labs in Cincinatti and the UK, several Japanese technologists participated on a global team that developed a new product involving a durable color base and renewable moisturising second coat – Lipfinity Japanese innovations were than transferred worldwide, as Lipfinity rolled out in Europe and the US within six months of the Japanese launch Implementation of O2005 in July 1999 – half the top 30 managers and a third of the top 3000 were new to their jobs – capabilities do not reside in management Global product development process Technology team assembled at an RD facility in Cincinnati, drawing the most qualified technologists from its PG labs worldwide US-based marketing team and Japanese team had the same task – Japanese team came up with SK-II In the end, each market ended up with a distinct product built on a common technology platform. We will write a custom essay sample on PG Japan or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Marketing expertise was also shared, allowing the organisation to exploit local learning Decisions Japanese Opportunity Tapping into PGs extensive technological resources – extend the SK-II line beyond its traditional product offerings Although would take a considerable amount of time and effort, it would exploit internal capabilities and external brand image Product innovation and superior in-store service – competitive advantage in Japan China Operating since 1988 only Entrepreneurial beauty care manager in China Some were worried that SK-II would be a distraction to PGs strategy of becoming a mainstream Chinese company and to its competitive goal of entering 600 Chinese cities ahead of competitors Targeting an elite consumer group with a niche product was not in keeping with the objective of reaching the 1. 2 billion population with laundry, hair care, oral care, diapers and other basics Europe De Cesare – new the European market well Without any real brand awareness or heritage, would SK-II’s mystique transfer to a Western market Organisational constraint De Cesare recognised that his decision needed to comply with the organisational reality in which it would be implemented Jager – openly questioned how well some of the products in the beauty care business fit in the PG portfolio – the fashion-linked and promotion-driven sales models neither played well to PG’s â€Å"stack it high, sell it cheap† marketing skills nor exploited its superior technologies From a local to a global focus